Department of Research, Strategic Studies and International Relations 21-11-2024

China’s growing investments and strategic activities in the Middle East are reshaping the region’s economic, technological, and geopolitical landscape. These efforts span vital sectors such as energy, technology, infrastructure, diplomacy, and peacebuilding. This document explores the multifaceted role of China in the Middle East, emphasizing its investments, mediation efforts, and their strategic implications in the context of global power shifts.

China as a Global Actor for Enhancing Peace in the Middle East

For decades, the Middle East has been characterized by deep crises and chronic tensions with significant repercussions on global security and stability.

Amid these intense tensions, China has emerged as a global power and mediator aiming to establish and build peace. China’s vision in this regard revolves around fostering direct and constructive dialogue between conflicting parties.

China’s objectives extend beyond immediate tension relief, focusing on long-term security stability. This approach aligns with its goal of constructing a balanced international system based on shared development and economic cooperation to reduce the roots of conflict.

In this context, China positions itself as a reliable partner not only for Middle Eastern nations but also for the United Nations in its peacekeeping and conflict resolution initiatives. This vision reflects China’s broader strategy as a responsible player in international politics, leveraging development as a primary path to achieving peace. This approach has appealed to many regional countries that view China as a model of soft diplomacy, emphasizing mutual respect and shared interests.

Key Areas of Chinese Mediation

Saudi-Iran Mediation

China’s mediation between Saudi Arabia and Iran in March 2023 marked a significant shift in Middle Eastern diplomacy, showcasing Beijing’s capacity to play an effective role in resolving longstanding conflicts. This agreement ended chronic sectarian and political tensions.

China facilitated this mediation through extended negotiations addressing key contentious issues between the two nations. Beijing emphasized direct dialogue to rebuild trust between Saudi Arabia and Iran. This approach aligns with China’s principle of non-interference in the sovereignty of states while fostering progressive discussions.

The agreement had positive outcomes, not only in bilateral relations but also as a foundation for regional initiatives aimed at enhancing security and economic cooperation. Both nations committed to resuming diplomatic and economic relations, including investments and trade exchanges, benefiting the broader region. This success solidifies China’s image as a reliable global mediator capable of addressing complex issues.

China’s Support for the Palestinian Cause

China’s stance on the Palestinian cause has been consistent, emphasizing direct support and active participation in international organizations to advocate for Palestinian rights.

Grounded in international law and UN resolutions, China’s policy strengthens its position as a global power striving for justice and stability in troubled regions. Beijing opposes unilateral actions that escalate tensions, such as Israeli settlement expansion or the forced displacement of Palestinians, which threaten regional peace opportunities.

China’s Partnership with the United Nations for Peace

China has strengthened its partnership with the United Nations as part of its strategy to promote global peace and sustainable development, particularly in conflict-stricken regions like the Middle East.

This partnership rests on three core principles: supporting UN resolutions, enhancing humanitarian efforts, and contributing to post-conflict reconstruction, it advocates for peaceful solutions rather than escalation.

It opposes unilateral sanctions on countries like Iran and Syria, arguing they exacerbate crises.

Beijing supports UN efforts to protect civilians in conflict zones and deliver humanitarian aid.

Reconstruction and Development:

China views reconstruction and economic development as essential pillars for sustainable peace and stability in conflict-affected areas.

Chinese companies have actively participated in rebuilding infrastructure, such as power grids and roads in Iraq and Syria, improving public services and creating local jobs.

Lines of credit have been extended to countries like Lebanon to enhance essential services, demonstrating how improved infrastructure supports societal stability and reduces tensions.

Energy and Infrastructure

The Middle East remains a cornerstone of China’s energy strategy, with approximately 40% of its crude oil imports originating from the region. Saudi Arabia and Iraq are significant suppliers. Beyond energy, China has made substantial investments in infrastructure to facilitate trade and transportation. For example, Egypt’s Suez Canal Economic Zone has secured over $8 billion in deals with Chinese firms, while Djibouti’s ports, railways, and pipelines have been transformed through Chinese funding.

Additionally, China’s infrastructure focus is evident in post-conflict areas like Iraq and Syria, where it has rebuilt power grids and roads, creating local jobs and stabilizing communities. Such projects exemplify China’s principle of linking reconstruction with sustainable peace and growth.

Technology and the Digital Silk Road

Through its Digital Silk Road initiative, China has established partnerships with Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in advanced telecommunications and smart city projects. Saudi Arabia and the UAE have embraced China’s 5G technology, bolstering digital economies. China’s contributions to AI and cybersecurity further align with the region’s diversification goals.

Economic Initiatives as a Stability Catalyst

China integrates economic initiatives into its strategy for promoting stability and development in the Middle East. It has made significant investments in infrastructure and sustainable energy.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) exemplifies China’s efforts to boost regional economies through trade networks and advanced infrastructure. Beijing has invested billions in strategic ports, enhancing trade flows and reducing transportation costs, thereby strengthening regional economies.

China also plays a pivotal role in renewable energy projects, including solar power in Saudi Arabia and the UAE, as well as nuclear energy plants in Egypt. These efforts diversify energy sources, ensuring long-term regional stability.

Challenges and Future Prospects

Despite China’s positive contributions to stability and development in the Middle East, several challenges persist:

International Competition:

China faces intense pressure from global powers seeking to curtail its influence in the region. This competition, especially over infrastructure and energy projects, creates a challenging environment for Beijing’s strategic initiatives.

Ongoing Regional Conflicts:

Prolonged disputes, such as the wars in Yemen and Syria, hinder China’s developmental strategies and complicate project execution.

Persistent regional tensions occasionally force China to navigate its principle of non-interference carefully while offering aid and promoting peaceful solutions.

As traditional powers reduce their regional footprint, China’s investments fill economic gaps while challenging U.S. influence. Beyond economic leverage, Beijing’s efforts to promote the yuan in energy transactions and its military collaborations with nations like Iran and Saudi Arabia reinforce its strategic pivot toward the region.

Conclusion

China’s multifaceted role in the Middle East, spanning investments, technological advancements, peacebuilding, and diplomatic mediation, reflects its ambition to emerge as a global power fostering a multipolar world order. Its ability to balance economic growth with long-term stability positions Beijing as a pivotal actor in a rapidly shifting global environment. By integrating development and diplomacy, China not only enhances its regional presence but also reshapes the geopolitical dynamics of the Middle East.